Balkan Countries Most Vulnerable to 'Fake' News, Report

Balkan countries are the most vulnerable in Europe to the "fake" news and post-truth phenomenon, a new report says, blaming media that are highly controlled by the state or business interests, educational deficiencies and low overall trust levels in society.

Those are the main conclusions of the Media Literacy Index compiled by the Open Society Institute, OSI, in Sofia.

For a second consecutive year, the index assess the potential to resilience of 35 European societies to disinformation by employing media freedom, education and interpersonal trust indicators, said OSI-Sofia's European Policies program director, Marin Lessenski.

Media freedom is an important factor in tackling the fake news phenomenon - but is often overlooked, he said.

Education levels are also crucial when it comes to general education levels and specific media literacy training. There is an observable link between both.

"We don't know for certain what the direction of the relationship is, but we are certain there is one. We supposed that when education or media freedom increases, the other will follow," Lessenski told BIRN.

The author said the index measured resilience to post-truth, fake news and their social consequences; not measure media literacy itself, but the factors that predict it - level of education, state of the media, trust in society and the usage of electronic tools of participation in decision-making by the public. Educational levels are measured by average PISA scores for literacy. 

According to the 2018 index, Nordic countries are best equipped to resist fake news, mainly because of their high educational and media freedom scores.

The report cites Estonia in Eastern Europe as a country with both high education and high scores in...