Was 2023 a tipping point for movies?

As 2023 draws to a close, no one is sounding the death knell of the superhero movie. The Walt Disney Co.'s "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3" made $845.6 million worldwide and Sony's "Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse" ($691 million) was one of the most acclaimed films of the year. Marvel is still mightier than any other brand in the business.

But more than ever before, there are chinks in the armor of the superhero movie. Its dominance in popular culture is no longer quite so assured. A cycle may be turning, and a new one dawning.

For the first time in more than two decades, the top three movies at the box office didn't include one sequel or remake: "Barbie," "The Super Mario Bros. Movie" and "Oppenheimer." The last time that happened was 2001, when "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone," "Shrek" and "Monsters, Inc." topped the box office.

Greta Gerwig's "Barbie," from Warner Bros., was the year's runaway hit, with more than $1.4 billion in ticket sales worldwide. It was a blockbuster like none seen before: an anarchic comedy that set a string of records for a movie directed by a woman.

Nearly as unprecedented was the success of Christopher Nolan's "Oppenheimer," a three-hour drama that nearly grossed $1 billion. As different as it and "Barbie" were, they were each original feats of cinema and personal statements by its directors.

At the same time, the Walt Disney Co.'s Marvel, a hit-making machine like none other in movie history, faltered like never before. "The Marvels" marked a new low for the Marvel Cinematic Universe, collecting $200 million globally. DC Studios, in the midst of a revamp, saw disappointing results for "The Flash" and "Blue Beetle" before watching "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom" sink to a $28.1 million...